PLUMBING INSTALLATION ( SANITARY SYSTEM )

                     Water supply is the process for 'water in', while plumbing installation is the process for ' water out '. Each process has their own system such as water supply in low rise building use direct and indirect system, meanwhile water supply in high rise building use booster system. So, for plumbing system ( sanitary system ) use sewer system. The progress of the sewer system is shown below:

SEWER

Pipe for carrying the sewage and liquid waste 

SEWERAGE

Collect, treat and dispose

SEWERAGE

The thing that pass on chemical

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Disposing of sewage by septic tank or mechanical treatment

There are 2 ways of plumbing installation:

Drainage Above Ground                                                                              

Source: Google Images

  Drainage Below Ground

Source: Google Images

Sanitary Fittings:

Cistern (Disc Type)

Source: Google Images

Water Closet

Source: Google Images

Urinal Bowl

Source: Google Images

Trap(to hold foul air)

Source: Google Images

Pipe Gradients

All above ground and below ground horizontal drainage pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient. Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will normally give adequate flow velocities. A gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for commencing calculations for pipe schemes.

If the gradient is not steep enough, i.e. less than 1 in 110, then the pipe could block if the solids slow down and become stranded. The fall in a pipe may be defined as the vertical amount by which the pipe drops over a distance. The distance can be between sections of pipe or between manholes. The diagram below show pipe fall and distance.

GRADIENT = FALL / DISTANCE

For example is a 36 metre section of drainage pipe has a fall of 0.4 metres, calculate the gradient.

Gradient = 0.4 / 36

Gradient = 0.0111

This can be converted into a gradient written as a ratio or 1: some number.

Gradient = 1 / 0.0111 = 90

Gradient = 1 in 90

CASE STUDY

B12,FAKULTI ALAM BINA

SANITARY SYSTEM

Gate Valve

                                                                                                                             Pillar Tap and Sink

Trap

               Cistern and Water Closet

Toilet Floor Plan in B12

Level 3 Block D

Level 4 Block B

Level 5 Block B

Level 2 Block B

Level 5 Block D

B 12 use TWO PIPE SYSTEM installation

Refuse Disposal System

Who produce waste? The answer is all of us including humans, plants, animal and any living things or non- living things.

"Perhaps someone's 'waste' can be 'treasure' for someone else"
-Dr Shamsul Hadi

Waste can be split into 3 types:

1. Domestic Waste
2. Commercial Waste
3. Industrial Waste

We dispose our waste by refuse disposal system. Refuse disposal system are method or technique for the collection, treatment, and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development & operation of these system is often called solid-waste management. Refuse in this context define unwanted substances.

Source of waste can be divided into 4 groups:  

1. Municipal waste
2. Hazardous waste
3. Special Hazardous waste
4. Biomedical waste

Municipal waste

The wastes, collected from the residential houses, markets, streets and other places mostly in the urban areas and disposed of by municipal bodies are called municipal solid wastes (MSW). In general, the urban solid wastes are called refuse. The Municipal solid wastes are a mixture of paper, plastic, clothes, metals, glass, organic matter etc. generated from households, commercial establishments and markets.

The proportions of different constituents vary from season to season and place to place depending on the life style, food habits, standard of living and the extent of commercial and industrial activities in the area. Municipal solid wastes are collected locally and the amount collected depends upon the size and consumption of the population. The municipal wastes, their contents and sources are summarized in the table below.

Followings are the flow of how the municipal solid waste is generated.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE

    Biomedical waste is the waste that generated from the treatment, diagnosis or immunization of human being, animals and in research activities such as production or testing of biologicals. 

Source : Google Images

HAZARDOUS WASTE & SPECIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE

Hazardous waste and special hazardous waste are potential threats to human health, animals and also to the environment. They may be found in different physical form such as liquids, solids, gases or sludge. They also material that known to exhibit of the traits such as ignitability, toxicity, reactivity, corrosivity and so on. Sometimes, we don’t know that there are some item are harmful to us like paints and solvents, mercury-containing wastes, aerosols and so forth.

Normally, hazardous waste are by products of industrial, domestic activities such as chemical substance, toxic, poisonous gases release from the industry to the environment. Special hazardous waste includes radioactive waste, explosive waste and electronic waste (e-waste). In many countries, law is required to involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste.

The Systematic Process of Refuse Disposal

 1. First step : GENERATE

Source : google images

   People generate the waste.  

2. Second step : COLLECTION

Source : google images

                  

The responsible man collect the waste

3. Third step : TRANSPORTATION 

 

Source : google images

The waste will be brought by the waste lorry that own by the waste collective company to the waste disposal places.

4. Fourth step : DISPOSAL

Source : google images

All the waste be dispose at the disposal waste .

5. Fifth step : TREATMENT 

Source : google images

All the dispose waste have to been treatment. The treatment waste can be use back whether for create a new thing or recycle. 

Source : Google Images

Case study :

B12, Fakulti Alam Bina

Refuse disposal system at B12

   

    In front of Con.Hall

At each level of B12  

  In the toilet

At the bus stop

This is where all disposal item been gathered

Domestic Water Supply System & Plumbing Installation in High Rise Building

As on previous entry, we've known that there are 3 types of water supply system. One of them include High Rise Building which can be categorized into:

1. Boosted system 1
2. Boosted system 2

High rise buildings are buildings with more than 4 storey buildings and usually facilitate with lift.In high rise building, due to low pressure on higher altitude and water doesn't flow uphills, it needs pumps to lift the water upwards. So, high rise building used pressure booster system in water supply system.This system help to increase in water pressure.

Pressure Booster System consists of : 

1. pump
2. control panel
3. series of pipes

There are 5 configuration system for Pressure Booster System

Single Booster System

Water tank is located in front pumps system filled with water from the mains. This enable capacity of building peak demand to be higher than mains, ensuring uniform pressure even in high flow situations.

The break tank is filled with water during low consumption periods & ensures sufficient supply of water to booster system at all times 

Zone Divided System

Zone divided water system diagram

The supply system is distributed into several zones supplying maximum of 12 floors each

This make sure adequate water on all floors without using pressure relief valves.

Roof Tanks/Overhead Tanks with Terrace Booster System

Roof tanks water supply system diagram

Ensure both water pressure & water supply in case of power failure. The solution requires pressure reduction valves on each floor in order to avoid undesired static pressure at the tap, which cause noise.

Series-connected Systems with Intermediate Break Tanks

Series-connected system with intermediate break tanks diagram

Draw on several other systems, utilizing centrally-placed break tanks to supply both the taps in its own boosting zone & all zones above it.With this system, a building is split into smaller & more manageable pressure zones of 12 floors each. Every zone is then supply by its own booster set. No pressure reduction valves are needed and in case of electrical breakdown the tanks will be able to supply pressure & water. However, the tanks take up large space within the building, cutting off the room available for revenue generation.

A Series-Connected System Without Intermediate Break Tanks

A series-connected system without intermediate break tanks diagram

Operates on the same principles as the previous system, however without the intermediate break tanks. This allow an effective usage power because the water is only pumped to zone where it is used and not to transfer it.

However complete control is very crucial. When a consumer draws water on upper floor for booster systems must deliver the water from bottom of building

Valves

Valve is the carrying of water to equipment and appliances has to be capable of being shut off so that pipework appliances can be repaired and maintained. This achieved by inserting valves or cocks at various points in pipework.

Type of Valves

Stop Valve
To close the flow of water, The crutch head handle is rotated slowly reducing the flow thus preventing sudden impact of vibration and hammering.

Gate Valve
To close the flow of water, the wheel head is rotated to control the flow water. This valve offer far less resistance than stop valve. Used to control the flow of water on low pressure installations.

Float/Ball Valve & Scour Valve
Float Valve : Automatic flow control devices fitted to cisterns to maintain an appropriate volume of water.
Scour Valve : A washout valve located at the lowest point of the cistern for maintenance and cleaning.