Gas Supply System

What is Gas ?

• Gas is one of is one of is one of the four fundamental states of matters (the others being (the others being solid, solid, liquid, liquid, liquid, and plasma). 
• A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). 
• A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air.
• What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles.This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer.
• One type of commonly known gas is steam. 

Gas Law

Boyle’s Law                                                                                                   

    

Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or Mariotte's law^[1]) is an experimental gas law that describes how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the container decreases. An increase in pressure causes a gas to contract. A decrease in pressure causes a gas to expand.

Pressure is directly proportional to the reciprocal of volume

       or

${\displaystyle PV=k}$

Pressure multiplied by volume equals some constant ${\displaystyle k}$.

Charles’ Law

Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles's law is:

When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be directly related.

This directly proportional relationship can be written as:

${\displaystyle V\propto T}$ or  

where:

V is the volume of the gas,

T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvins),

k is a constant.

Natural Gas

What is natural gas ?

Natural gas occurs deep beneath the earth's surface. Natural gas consists mainly of methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Natural gas also contains small amounts of  hydrocarbon gases liquids and non-hydrocarbon gases. We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals.

How did natural gas form?

Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and built up in thick layers, sometimes mixed with sand and silt. Over time, these layers were buried under sand, silt, and rock. Pressure and heat changed some of this organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas. In some places, the natural gas moved into large cracks and spaces between layers of overlying rock. In other places, natural gas occurs in the tiny pores (spaces) within some formations of shale, sandstone, and other types of sedimentary rock, where it is referred to as shale gas or tight gas. Natural gas also occurs in coal deposits, which is called coalbed methane.

Use of natural gas 

• Natural gas is a fossil fuel used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation. 
• It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially important organic chemicals. 
• Fossil fuel based natural gas is a non-renewable resource.

Natural Gas Processing

Peninsular gas utilisation (PGU)

This natural gas transmission pipeline serves as the backbone of Peninsular Malaysia’ natural gas supply infrastructure.

• The pipelines are operated and maintained by PETRONAS GAS BERHAD (PGB).
• This PGU infrastructure comprises six gas processing plants with a capacity of 2000 million standard cubic feet per day.
• The maintenance activities of the transmission pipeline are carried out in the stipulated region along the four phases through the Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) programs

Distribution pipeline

A distribution pipeline supplies and distributes the natural gas from the city gate station to the end-users.

Normally, the pressure of the natural gas would be reduce and the gas is odorized for safety purpose at the city gate station.

LPG Piping System

Liquid Petroleum Gas is flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used in heating appliances. LPG is produced from refining petroleum crude oils process. It is stored as a liquid under pressure. In natural state, LPG is odourless and odourless. LPG may flow along the ground and into drains and be ignited at a distance from source of leakage. This is because LPG vapour is heavier than air.

LPG Piping System consists of two main components:

1.     1.  Storage Vessel

·         It is stored at consumer’s premises in pressurised vessels (for bulk storage systems) or in cylinders, which are stored in multiples

·         Design pressure of the vessel is usually 1725kPa

·         It could be installed :

i.   Above ground

ii.  Underground

iii.  Mounded (tank totally covered by earth above the ground)

.      2. Delivery/Service Pipeline

·         It is used for delivering  the LPG vapour from the storage tank to appliances

LPG Supply Concept

  Gas PipeShaft/Duct

Purpose:

·         Early detection of gas leakage

·         Prevent dangerous accumulation

·         Access for maintenance

            Gas pipe installation must follow “Guidelines on Domestic Gas Piping System” by Suruhanjaya Tenaga.

Gas pipe within building should be run exposed. Areas where the riser passes also should be well ventilated. Where a gas riser is to be located in a pipe shaft, permanent ventilation should be provided outside the building. Continuous shaft, ventilation can be provided by provision of openings at top and bottom to the outdoors. Entering riser pipes from shaft or duct should be fire stopped.


Fire Stopper Material  

Fire Stopping is sealing product that take up imperfections of fit or design tolerate between the fire resisting fixed elements of the building to restrict the passage of fire and smoke. 
  
The important of Fire Stopping Material is :

• For early detection of gas leakage
• Prevent dangerous gas accumulation
• Access for maintenance  

Source: Google Images

The popular material that been used for fire stopping is Yeast. The yeast that people usually used for bake a bread. Yeast is the best gas safety. 

Source: Google Images